Modern European intellectual history offers a dynamic tapestry of evolving ideas, movements, and thinkers that have shaped the continent’s political, cultural, and philosophical trajectory. From the Enlightenment’s call for reason and liberty to the radical critiques of authority and meaning in post-structuralist thought, this history reveals the deep interconnection between thought and social transformation. The ideas of Rousseau, Kant, Marx, Foucault, and many others challenged prevailing systems and inspired reform, revolution, and new disciplines. These philosophical developments were not confined to ivory towers—they influenced governance, education, identity, and even everyday life. Today, their relevance persists in how societies define justice, evaluate power, and engage with global challenges. Studying this intellectual lineage allows us to better understand the origins of modern values and the questions that continue to shape our world. 1. Understanding Modern European Intel...
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